Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Identifieur interne : 003C69 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003C68; suivant : 003C70Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Auteurs : C. Warren Olanow [États-Unis] ; Yves Agid [France] ; Yoshi Mizuno [Japon] ; Alberto Albanese [Italie] ; U. Bonucelli [Italie] ; Philip Damier [France] ; Justo De Yebenes [Espagne] ; Oscar Gershanik [Argentine] ; Mark Guttman [Canada] ; F. Grandas [Espagne] ; Mark Hallett [États-Unis] ; Ole Hornykiewicz [Autriche] ; Peter Jenner [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Katzenschlager [Royaume-Uni] ; William J. Langston [États-Unis] ; Peter Lewitt [États-Unis] ; Eldad Melamed [Israël] ; M. A. Mena [Espagne] ; P. P. Michel [France] ; Catherine Mytilineou [États-Unis] ; Jose A. Obeso [Espagne] ; Werner Poewe [Autriche] ; Niall Quinn [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Raisman-Vozari [France] ; Ali H. Rajput [Canada] ; Olivier Rascol [France] ; Christina Sampaio [Portugal] ; Fabrizio Stocchi [Italie]Source :
- Movement Disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2004-09.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Antiparkinson Agents (adverse effects), Antiparkinson Agents (pharmacokinetics), Antiparkinson Agents (therapeutic use), Corpus Striatum (drug effects), Corpus Striatum (metabolism), Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced (etiology), Humans, Levodopa, Levodopa (adverse effects), Levodopa (pharmacokinetics), Levodopa (therapeutic use), Nervous system diseases, Parkinson Disease (drug therapy), Parkinson disease, Parkinson's disease, Receptors, Dopamine (drug effects), Receptors, Dopamine (metabolism), Treatment, dyskinesia, levodopa, motor complications, neurotoxicity.
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Antiparkinson Agents, Levodopa.
- chemical , drug effects : Receptors, Dopamine.
- chemical , metabolism : Receptors, Dopamine.
- chemical , pharmacokinetics : Antiparkinson Agents, Levodopa.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiparkinson Agents, Levodopa.
- drug effects : Corpus Striatum.
- drug therapy : Parkinson Disease.
- etiology : Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced.
- metabolism : Corpus Striatum.
- Humans.
Abstract
Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the “gold standard” against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half‐life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/mds.20243
Affiliations:
- Argentine, Autriche, Canada, Espagne, France, Israël, Italie, Japon, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Communauté de Madrid, Grand Londres, Latium, Maryland, Michigan, Midi-Pyrénées, Ontario, Tyrol (Land), Vienne (Autriche), État de New York, Île-de-France
- Innsbruck, Londres, Madrid, Nantes, Paris, Rome, Tokyo, Toronto, Toulouse, Vienne (Autriche)
- Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Université autonome de Madrid, Université de Toronto, Université de Toulouse, Université de médecine d'Innsbruck
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Le document en format XML
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Bonucelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano‐Pianore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Capezzano‐Pianore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique, Nantes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Nantes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université autonome de Madrid</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold”gico, La Rioja, Buenos Aires</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Buenos Aires</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Toronto, Markham, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Petah Tiqva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Departmento Neurobiologia‐Investigacion, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitarie of Navarra, Pamplona</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pamplona</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck, Tyrol</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tyrol</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman Ozari, R" sort="Raisman Ozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Ozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Saskatchewan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules‐Guesde, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</orgName><orgName type="institution" wicri:auto="newGroup">Université de Toulouse</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>R Dr Antonio Loureiro Borges, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences, University of Rome, La Sapienza, San Raffaele Hospital, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Movement Disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Mov. Disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-09">2004-09</date><biblScope unit="vol">19</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">9</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="997">997</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1005">1005</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></series><idno type="istex">BB30349AF852C8DA89AA6C25FC669A192C301574</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.20243</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS20243</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiparkinson Agents (adverse effects)</term><term>Antiparkinson Agents (pharmacokinetics)</term><term>Antiparkinson Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Corpus Striatum (drug effects)</term><term>Corpus Striatum (metabolism)</term><term>Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced (etiology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Levodopa</term><term>Levodopa (adverse effects)</term><term>Levodopa (pharmacokinetics)</term><term>Levodopa (therapeutic use)</term><term>Nervous system diseases</term><term>Parkinson Disease (drug therapy)</term><term>Parkinson disease</term><term>Parkinson's disease</term><term>Receptors, Dopamine (drug effects)</term><term>Receptors, Dopamine (metabolism)</term><term>Treatment</term><term>dyskinesia</term><term>levodopa</term><term>motor complications</term><term>neurotoxicity</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiparkinson Agents</term><term>Levodopa</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Receptors, Dopamine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Receptors, Dopamine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacokinetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiparkinson Agents</term><term>Levodopa</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiparkinson Agents</term><term>Levodopa</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Corpus Striatum</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Parkinson Disease</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Corpus Striatum</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Lévodopa</term><term>Parkinson maladie</term><term>Système nerveux pathologie</term><term>Traitement</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the “gold standard” against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half‐life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Argentine</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Canada</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Californie</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Latium</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Tyrol (Land)</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Innsbruck</li><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Nantes</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li><li>Tokyo</li><li>Toronto</li><li>Toulouse</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</li><li>Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</li><li>Université autonome de Madrid</li><li>Université de Toronto</li><li>Université de Toulouse</li><li>Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Olanow, C Warren" sort="Olanow, C Warren" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C. Warren" last="Olanow">C. Warren Olanow</name></region><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><name sortKey="Raisman Ozari, R" sort="Raisman Ozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Ozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name></region><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name></country><country name="Argentine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name></region><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name></country><country name="Autriche"><region name="Vienne (Autriche)"><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name></region><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name></region><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name></noRegion></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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